Brief History On Rubber By Christopher Columbus - 1946 Words

RUBBER: A material that can be extended to in any event twice its unique length and will withdraw quickly and coercively to generously its unique endless supply of the power. BRIEF HISTORY ON RUBBER: Rubber has been around for a very long time. Thousands of years ago ancient people of Central America used Rubber balls in their games. Historian believes that teams of players try to pass the ball through the rings by using their hips. As the time passed these people found other uses of Rubber as well for example: dipping the feet’s in Rubber for shoes and also for clothes. In 1942, Christopher Columbus sells to the new World and started study to this and explores headings to this newly discovered thing. He started to tell European peoples about Rubber and its uses but they didn’t took interest. Soon people figured out about the Rubber. Pretty soon Rubber factory becomes popping up and Rubber goods become all the rich. Soon America build its own Rubber factories and become the world’s largest Rubber industry. Later Charles Gujer experiment with some Rubber by heating it and the property of Rubber becomes actually good and this inspired further experiments soon p rocess of vulcanization which gives stability to natural Rubber which was sticky when warm and hard when gold it was not good for tires. Later John Demonte use Rubber around bicycle tires. In late 19th century Rubber becomes common for car tires. Types of Rubber: There are fundamentally two general classificationsShow MoreRelatedImpact of Globalisation on Nokia3238 Words   |  13 Pagesforward which the company might use to respond to the impacts of globalisation you have identified. Table of Contents 1. Background 1.1 What is Globalization? 1.2 The Importance of Globalization regarding a business 1.3 Nokia - a brief introduction 2. Characteristics and issues influencing Globalisation 3. How globalisation impacts the company 3. 1 Product 3 .2 Logistics 3. 3 Acquisitions 4. Evaluation and recommendations 4.1 Rugman and CollinsonsRead More The Struggle of EZNL In Modern Mexico Essay4460 Words   |  18 Pages What follows is a brief introduction to the setting of which the EZLN was born: the history of Mexico, the conditions and peoples of Chiapas, the shrouded origins of the EZLN, and the legend of the man from which they took their name: Emiliano Zapata. Following this is an account of the uprising that announced their presence to Mexico and the world in 1994, the effects of this, the march on the capital in 2000, and the on-going struggle they lead today. A Brief History of Mexico This timelineRead MoreBrazil Culture17445 Words   |  70 Pages287.597 sq mile Water (%) 0,65 Population 2005 estimate 187.560.000 (5th) 2000 census 169.799.170 Density 22km sq. (182nd) 57/sq mi. 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Transformation Of The Human Race - 1762 Words

Transformation’s Role As A Mentor To Growth The progression of the human race throughout history has relied on unique individuals willing to take a stand for what they believe to be true to themselves and to their culture. Important political and cultural developments have taken their roots in charismatic people with fresh ideas that may not exactly fit within the status quo. The complexity of evolution is seeded deep within every human being; and one must come to terms with their identity to be fully content with themselves. There will never be one clear meaning to life; thus there will always be room for constant improvement and growth. Elucidations to such concepts exist in the field of arts and entertainment as a recurring theme, or simply as basic character development. Two popular examples are, for instance, William Shakespeare’s Taming of the Shrew, in which temperamental and odious Katherina falls in love with the endearing Petruchio, or in more recent cinema, Jules Winnfield from Quentin Tarantino’s Pul p Fiction, who discovers his life as sanctimonious and false according to the greater good he wishes to contribute to. From a literary standpoint, A Room With A View by E.M. Forster is an enticing social commentary on the Edwardian society existent in England in the early 20th century, as well as being a cordial tale of love and growth. As the main focus of the novel is the journey of the protagonist from suppression to freedom, the work remains relevant today asShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Apartheid on South Africa1644 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the apartheid laws were rules disadvantaging members of a certain race, and this act which violated human equality and dignity was deeply frowned upon. This suggestion by Desmond Tutu is essentially trying to seek revenge by enforcing rules on the beneficiaries of the past laws that disadvantage them based solely on their race. One instance cannot be described as horrific, while the same thing forced onto a different race is seen as justi fied. This ideal of reconciliation in South Africa willRead More The Dehumanization of Gregor in Kafkas Metamorphosis Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesMetamorphosis In the novella The Metamorphosis, by Franz Kafka, the main character Gregor undergoes a physical transformation from human to bug. Despite this change in appearance, he maintains his human brain as insect tendencies slowly take over his day to day behavior. He maintains his thoughtless state of mind, memories, and inner dialogue during his exterior transformation. 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Due to Susan’s transformation, they are trying to have her sentence changed. Should Susan’s sentence be commuted to life in prison is the question being asked? This paper will answer the question by providing a moral judgment viewed by two

Mountain gorillas Essay Example For Students

Mountain gorillas Essay Half man and half beast. This is what is usually said about the gorilla. They say that the gorilla is related to us. You can find mountain gorillas in the Virunga Volcanoes, which are located on the boundaries of Zaire, Rwanda, and Uganda.The Virungas are 600 miles of tropical rainforest.You’ll find then roaming around 7,800 and 11,000 feet, but at low elevations. The gorillas live in units. Most of the units consist of about 6-12 members in it, most of them being related in some way. With each unit, there is a leader, usually an old silverback, who was a virtual dictator. A silverback male has large canines and he may weigh 400 pounds. He is the one who decides when to proceed, and when to stop, and which direction to go. When he sleeps, everyone else is supposed to be sleeping to, and then he gives a signal to wake up. When the old silverback gets too old, then his eldest son usually is the one to take over. The females are usually responsible for the nursing portion in the unit.Gorillas are peaceful and tolerant by nature. Whenever two groups meet, they either ignore each other, or they give each other a grumpy grunt. Sometimes the two groups would even stay together, and then eventually separate. There are many rumors about gorillas being very violent, but there are no reports about it.There are times when they have little mock fights, but there is never any blood shed in them. Right now there are not too many mountain gorillas you will find in the Virungas. Their population is only in the hundreds. In 1960, there was an estimated 450 gorillas still remaining in two isolated habitats. In a 1981 census, it gave a figure of about 254 gorillas. Right now there is somewhere between 400-450 mountain gorillas that have survived. There are so few of these creatures for many reasons. There are many poachers who kill the gorillas for their head or hands to sell to tourists as a souvenir, or hunter that kill them to have a trophy. With so much of this going on , the rangers of the parks so not think there will be anymore of these gorillas left by the end of the century. There have been a few projects and conservation groups made to save this endangered species. The Washington-based African Wildlife Foundation, started a program in the parks on park security, to prevent as much poaching. The tourist program also developed rapidly. They went from 1,352 paid visitors in 1978 to 5,790 in 1984. With the help of the money from tourism, they were able to start some programs on the conservation of the mountain gorillas. The basic issues of the groups and programs are human population and the way land is used. The future for the gorillas look very bleak. Illegal logging, gold prospecting, and hunting has become more and more popular where the gorillas live. To assure gorillas a future will require a dedication that can not just be done through projects or even years or centuries, but it takes a commitment for the rest of eternity. BIBLIOGRAPHYBaumgartel, Walter. Up Among the Mountain Gorillas. New York: Hawthorn Books, 1976. Fossey, Dian. Gorillas in the Mist. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1983. Patterson, Francine. The Education of Koko. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1981. Schaller, George B. Gorilla: Struggle for Survival in the Virungas. New York: Aperture Book, 1989.

Accounting Information Systems Collected Data Information

Question: Describe about the Accounting Information Systems for Collected Data Information. Answer: Introduction This study deals with discussion on Accounting Information Systems. AIS are the process for collecting stores as well as process in financial and accounting data. Internal users of particular business organization use collected data. In this present study, the tax authorities, investors as well as creditors use information. Accounting Information Systems is one of the computer-based processes that help in tracking all accounting activities with information technology resources (Worrell, Wasko and Johnston 2013). This particular information system unites traditional practices by following the accounting principles such as Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). It is mandatory selecting proper AIS or ERP system. This further helps business organization in taking efficient decision in regard with investment in accounting software. This widely depends upon different types of size of business. This current study elucidates the business process of B Bakery in along with given bus iness requirements (Ward and Peppard 2016). Business Process Baker is an individual who bake cake as well as bread for selling them in the market. Cake and bread are baked with the help of oven and other concerted heat sources. Bakery is the place where baker bakes and makes products such as breads and cakes. Baker specializes in baking cake and bread known as Pastry Chef (Vanhoof et al. 2014). There are several types of baker such as Commercial Baker, Retail Baker as well as Bread Maker and Baked Goods Producer. Baker mixes as well as bakes the ingredients in accordance with recipes for making various types of pastries, bread and other form of bakery products. Key Activities of the Business Several key activities of bakery firm involves production of bakery food products, manufactured products distribution especially to the targeted customers as well as accounting of related operational activities of the business firm on manual basis (Vanhoof and Aerts 2014). Addition to that, bakery firm activities includes baking on accurate basis. It is baked in oven temperatures for fulfilling the personnel responsibilities as well as maintaining the inventory of business firm. Therefore, key activities of bakery business required efficient budgeting as well as cleanliness and safety at the same time. Bakery Food Products Production B Bakery focuses majorly on bread manufacturing as well as other products of confectionary. This aims at spotlighting on health factors on all the food items (Sutton and Arnold 2013). Manufactured Products Distribution B Bakery engages in selling manufacturing products with the help of various distribution channels. It majorly involves pub chains as well as supermarkets in the most appropriate way. Manual Accounting of various operational activities It is important to understand the fact that business firm properly maintains its accounting records on manual basis. It is recommended to business firm in appointing an accountant for business function (Sousa and Oz 2014). It requires to record transactions and its accounts as presented in the financial statement of a particular business organization in given financial year. Staff Employment From the case study on B Bakery, it is easy to gain understanding that the bakery firm employs more than 70 employees for conducting business operations in an effective way. This particular firm requires maintaining the salary accounts of employees with the help of using manual procedures (Rainer et al. 2013). Therefore, there is high probability that business firm commits some mistakes regarding payment methods as well as salary accounts of its employees. Development of Business Requirements Business Process Essentials implementation There is various business process or activities needed for running particular business in smoother terms by considering operating and regulations of any kind. There are even some of the activities considered as indispensable in nature. In case of B. Bakery, several business activities deal with operational and regulatory activities for a particular business firm. This includes identification of sales cost, cost effective process as well as periodical analysis and other process of production in an overall manner (Newman, Stikeleather and Waddoups 2016). Addition to that, it further takes into consideration proper structure for payroll activities informational analysis as well as preparing financial statement and tax payment on timely basis. It is important to conduct detailed analysis for B Bakery from last year transactions. This involves viewing at the turnover rates for B Bakery for future analysis purpose. Revenue generated by B Bakery amounts to $13.5 million. B Bakery employs more than 70 staff members (Marshall, Curry and Kawalek 2015). They are appointed for the medium scale business named as B Bakery. This particular bakery firm enjoys continuous growth for given years with its unique products. There was an issue concerning with deficit of proper accounting as well as system for recording of given data B Bakery should incorporate given business process for making the bakery business more efficient in nature. Cost of sales Identification It is important to consider the fact that bakery industry aligns completely with the business organization in the manufacturing activities. Addition to that, these particular organization manufacturers various types of products involving in process as well as materials (Ismail and King 2014). Therefore, this particular organization should efficiently incorporate accurate system for accounting purpose. This will help in identifying manufacturing expenses for making use of accurate products. Cost Effective Process for Production Accounting is requires for system of producing given food items. It enables control over the expenses for developing in the production systems for taking into consideration cost-efficient measures (Hall 2012). Periodical Analysis B Bakery is a FMCG manufacturer and aims at incorporating business process for analyzing financial condition of the organization for specified period (Guragai et al. 2014). Payroll accurate structure Proper accounting system and proper payroll structure initiates with salary payment. There are even other contributions for making the payment to staff members for given business organization (Guffey and Harp 2013). Informational analysis There are various forms of information that further help in smooth business activities in analyzing and preserving usage of appropriate techniques. Financial Statement Preparation Every business firm prepares financial statement for given year. It is recommended in using accurate potential information from the financial statement and analyze based upon that Business firm prepares financial statement by taking consideration crucial configuration for specified time (Galliers and Leidner 2014). Tax Payment Tax is one of the important debts considered by any business organization. Therefore, business organization should utilize such methods for making the process of tax return in easier terms (Dull, Gelinas and Wheeler 2012). Required Outcomes for Achieving Business Objectives It is necessary to find out business process requirements with proper outcomes and results. Gaining this type of information helps in achieving the required objectives in relation with business organization (Du, Huddart and Xue 2015). It requires analyzing the given procedures as it will help business organization in running profitable enterprise in the upcoming financial year. Improvement in Pricing Strategy Cost of sales is one of the basic structures for construction of selling price for given products and services. Management Department of business need incorporation of accurate system for costing as it will identify proper sales cost. Addition to that, implementing effective strategies leads to proper as well as accurate pricing method. This will help in guiding identification of selling prices for food products in an effective way. It is important to determine the selling price for given food products as it will generate ways for change as well as modifying the pricing strategy wherever necessary (Daoud and Triki 2013). Cost Effective System for Production B bakery is a medium-sized business firm dealing in bakery industry. Activities performed by B Bakery come under manufacturing activities. As far as manufacturing unit is concerned, it deals with observing activities of business enterprise on matters relating to indirect costs (Considine et al. 2012). This leads to ineffective consumption of labor as well as materials at the same time. This particular control cost system has the ability for identifying the factors responsible for ineffective utilization of financial resources. Superior Control over the Financial Performances B Bakery has the ability in analyzing the financial condition with the help of periodical analysis in given financial matters (Bishop et al. 2016). This will help management department in gaining proper understanding of firm performances for specified period. It is recommended to the management team in taking given defensive measures for proper course of action. Therefore, resulted outcome analyzes given positive traits for viewing at the firm achievement for short duration of time as well as given factors under consideration. Increases the Profitability of the Firm Business aims at gaining profitability with the help of eliminating factors arising from excessive expenses as well as bringing improvement in the level of production. B Bakery has the ability in analyzing the given data as well as information in association with current market condition (Baskerville and Wood-Harper 2016). It involves analyze after studying market as well as its nearest competitors setting the strategies of marketing in proper ways. Determination of the Requirements of Systems B Bakery requires implementing proper accounting software for processing with given unique characteristics as discussed below with proper justification: Cost Analysis Accounting software selection should enables specified characteristics for recording of production cost in an efficient way. Addition to that, accounting software has the ability in financial reports production based upon required demand (Azad and Faraj 2013). Accounting software specifies with contrasting between various types of item cost for given time. Recording of Documentation In case of medium-sized business, it gets holds of many accounting transactions for given accounting year. Accounting expert requires dealing with accounting transactions that should be relevant in nature. It relates directly with the financial statements for a given business organization (Anandarajan, Anandarajan and Srinivasan 2012). Addition to that, financial statement need prior adjustment for specified time for evaluating the performance-based business activities This particular accounting software requires recording of financial transactions gaining information on regular basis. The recording process enables bringing adequate financial information as extracted from accounting software at the same time. Basic Financial Structure It is important to consider the fact that accounting elucidate in explaining the financial structuring. This deals with accurate systems taking into account creditors as well as debtors and inventory management system. Payroll accounting system brings out the recording of salary payment as well as other staff benefits. Addition to that, this accounting software has all types of unique features helpful in tracing the cash transactions on regular basis. This particular accounting software aims at regulating the usage of internal network for business as well as implementation of securities for gaining information from generated accounting data. Software Selection Accounting Software Package Vendors There are different types of vendors involving in providing accounting packages. It requires making the section depending upon individual accounting software pancakes from authentic websites. Some of key vendors named as MYOB, DacEasy and SAP accounting software. Selection of various types of Accounting Software In the recent market, various types of accounting software area available that needs to be recognized by medium sized business organization. In this case, B Bakery need to select one accounting software option for bringing change in their accounting systems These accounting software are divided into three broad segments such as low-end software as well as medium-end software and high-end software. Low-end accounting software- Low-end accounting software should be used by small-scale business for accounting purpose as individual professionals regulate it efficiently. This mainly involves doctors and advocates (Marshall, Curry and Kawalek 2015). Low-end accounting software had been developed with the help of usage of accounting system in the most appropriate way. Medium-end accounting software- Medium-end accounting software has been structured based upon double entry system. Basic features of accounting have been covered in this particular accounting software in case of business venture (Ismail and King 2014). Addition to that, medium-end accounting software has the ability in fulfilling the key requirements of business firms and this leads to revenue generation in the upcoming financial year. High-end accounting software- High-end accounting software means highly progressive technology that deals with efficient factors in case of advanced accounting system. This particular accounting system needs further improvement by implementing using of particular software in an effective way (Marshall, Curry and Kawalek 2015). It is recommended to B Bakery in selecting medium-end accounting software for carrying out the business activities in smoother terms. This particular accounting software will meet the purpose in aligning with specified objectives for given period. It is an expensive affair in using high-end accounting software in comparison with medium-end accounting software for incorporating given software (Daoud and Triki 2013). Vendor Selection Comparison between features of accounting software packages Two main software packages prove appropriate especially for small as well as medium-sized business. This involves MYOB and DacEasy (Ismail and King 2014). This above-mentioned accounting software are divided into four major sections namely creditors, stock as well as debtors and pay structure. Preparation of financial reports can be done in several ways. Therefore, software analysis based upon given grounds like ease in utilization of software, scalability as well as documentation and reporting alternatives. Supporting Documentation It is important to understand the fact that preparation of printed and online documents should be utilized with the help of mentioned accounting software. As far as DacEasy software is concerned, it renders finding out correct location in aligning with given index. It requires understanding various alternatives that enables management department in searching help button located on the screen. MYOB is other accounting software whereby button is present on each screen as well as generation of information is much easier as expected (Worrell, Wasko and Johnston 2013). Payment Structure DacEasy is accounting software that helps in setting up direct deposits. Addition to that, this software helps in generating characterized into tax deposits as well as employees for given specified time (Daoud and Triki 2013). This help in proper construction of payment structure for future analysis purpose. As far as MYOB is concerned, payment structure should be managed in way of utilizing alternatives by viewing at the staff status in the most appropriate way. Expenses and Scalability There are various differences noticed from strategy regarding the pricing structure of both the accounting software named as MYOB and DacEasy. These versions revolve around single usage of both the systems by networking of multiple users. Simplicity in using particular accounting software system MYOB structure is considered as simpler as well as convenient in nature. This particular software helps beginners for the financial management for mapping down the given accounting tasks. Addition to that, installation process of MYOB is easy as well as accessible with usage of navigation bar. On the other hand, DacEasy Accounting software operates very easy as well as usage of consumer alternatives with navigating on screen from one section to other. This particular tool bar aims at designing unsuitable actions for consumers. Time Scheduling DacEasy accounting software aims at providing options for timely bill payments. This particular section deals with payroll accounting system with time billing of data (Worrell, Wasko and Johnston 2013). Billing report should be presented on timely manner. In case of MYOB accounting software, billing time deals with bringing references in terms of credit activities Alternatives of Reporting In case of DacEasy Accounting software, it designs ways for report generation as well as creation of various types of reports. On the other hand, MYOB has the ability in producing more than 190 report types. This also can captures as well as present the given data keeping in mind employees as well as vendors and customers in the most appropriate way. Creditors Vendor Selection in case of DacEasy based upon various accounts payable such as vendor management, purchase orders as well as printing cheques and quotes. In case of MYOB, it aims at supporting e-payments as well as purchase orders and tax form assessment for printing purpose. Addition to that, it is requires using of software as well as credit memos for developing purpose by the vendors. Debtors In case of DacEasy, this accounting software gives proper details of customers such as banking as well as sales invoices. Transportation of products fails in anticipation as well as sales invoices by implementing given accounting system. MYOB accounting software helps in managing with accounts receivable. Therefore, it was difficult to estimate shipping costs as well as shipping activities in offering shipping instrument. Addition to that, income calculations as well as customer charges and other charges in association with finance for performing in smoother terms. Selection of most suitable vendor It is recommended to B Bakery for using MYOB accounting software for carrying out its business activities. It helps in producing given financial reports in an effective way and user-friendly at the same time. There is no particular difference noticed in cost from both the packages and quite similar to one other. Accounting structure and installation process considers as simple in comparison with MYOB. MYOB is accounting software that renders two-way facility in transfer and in case of DacEasy. MYOB can be noticed more flexible in nature in comparison with DacEasy. It helps in providing facilities regarding billing time, as it is not included by DacEasy. Addition to that, in using MYOB accounting software, inventory calculation will be done using FIFO and LIFO method (Worrell, Wasko and Johnston 2013). It can also use other method such as standard as well as average costs. Financial statement users should use MYOB accounting software because of its simplicity as well as easy installat ion process in the most appropriate way. B Bakery is a medium sized bakery firm that should use and implement MYOB accounting software. This will help the bakery firm in gaining opportunity to print in associated potential customers at various stages of financial analysis. Conclusion At the end of the study, it is concluded that medium sized B Bakery should use MYOB accounting software. This is because it helps in serving facility to print with financial charges such as purchase order, tax forms as well as invoices in relation with customers. MYOB is one of the accounting software that supports multiples users for various level of security in transmitting of data using internet connection. MYOB is accounting software that is easy to use and low installing charges. Reference List Anandarajan, M., Anandarajan, A. and Srinivasan, C.A. eds., 2012. Business intelligence techniques: a perspective from accounting and finance. Springer Science Business Media. Azad, B. and Faraj, S., 2013. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14, pp.120-126. Baskerville, R.L. and Wood-Harper, A.T., 2016. A critical perspective on action research as a method for information systems research. In Enacting Research Methods in Information Systems: Volume 2 (pp. 169-190). Springer International Publishing. Bishop, H., Hoang, D.T., Boone, C. and Steinberg, D.H., 2016, January. CUSTOMER SERVICE HOFSTEDES CULTURAL DIMENSIONS IN CHINA THE USA AMONG ACCOUNTING INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROFESSIONALS. In Allied Academies International Conference. Academy of Management Information and Decision Sciences. Proceedings (Vol. 20, No. 1, p. 2). Jordan Whitney Enterprises, Inc. Considine, B., Parkes, A., Olesen, K., Blount, Y. and Speer, D., 2012. Accounting information systems: understanding business processes. Daoud, H. and Triki, M., 2013. Accounting information systems in an ERP environment and Tunisian firm performance. The International Journal of Digital Accounting Research, 13(19), pp.1-35. Du, K., Huddart, S. and Xue, L., 2015. Accounting Information Systems and Asset Prices. Dull, R.B., Gelinas, U.J. and Wheeler, P.R., 2012. Accounting Information Systems: Foundations in Enterprise Risk Management. South-Western. Galliers, R.D. and Leidner, D.E., 2014. Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Guffey, D.M. and Harp, N.L., 2013. Ranking faculties, Ph. D. programs, individual scholars, and influential articles in accounting information systems based on citations to publications in the Journal of Information Systems. Journal of Information Systems, 28(1), pp.111-144. Guragai, B., Hunt, N., Neri, M. and Taylor, E.Z., 2014. Accounting Information Systems and Ethics Research: Review, Synthesis, and the Future. Journal of Information Systems. Hall, J.A., 2012. Accounting information systems. Cengage Learning. Ismail, N.A. and King, M., 2014. Factors influencing the alignment of accounting information systems in small and medium sized Malaysian manufacturing firms. Journal of Information Systems and Small Business, 1(1-2), pp.1-20. Marshall, B., Curry, M. and Kawalek, P., 2015. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 19, pp.17-28. Newman, A.H., Stikeleather, B. and Waddoups, N., 2016. Organizational Openness and Relative Performance Information: An Investigation of the Relationship between Organizational Design, Accounting Information Systems, and Employee Performance. Accounting Information Systems, and Employee Performance (June 20, 2016). Rainer, R.K., Cegielski, C.G., Splettstoesser-Hogeterp, I. and Sanchez-Rodriguez, C., 2013. Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business. John Wiley Sons. Sousa, K.J. and Oz, E., 2014. Management information systems. Nelson Education. Sutton, S.G. and Arnold, V., 2013. Focus group methods: Using interactive and nominal groups to explore emerging technology-driven phenomena in accounting and information systems. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(2), pp.81-88. Vanhoof, E. and Aerts, W., 2014. Guidelines to design evolvable multiple GAAP accounting information systems. Vanhoof, E., Huysmans, P., Aerts, W. and Verelst, J., 2014, May. Evaluating accounting information systems that support multiple GAAP reporting using normalized systems theory. In Enterprise Engineering Working Conference (pp. 76-90). Springer International Publishing. Ward, J. and Peppard, J., 2016. The Strategic Management of Information Systems: Building a Digital Strategy. John Wiley Sons. Worrell, J., Wasko, M. and Johnston, A., 2013. Social network analysis in accounting information systems research. International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, 14(2), pp.127-137.

Mark Shaffer Essays - Education, Critical Pedagogy, Multiculturalism

Mark Shaffer James Banks James Banks believes that there should be more multicultural education taught in schools. Education about ethnic diversity treats cultural pluralism within a nation-state by studying different traits from different groups, which determine one group from another. He believes that a major goal of education in a free society is acceptance of cultural pluralism as a national strength and not an obstacle. Individuals of various minority groups may maintain their ethnic identities while sharing a common culture with Americans from many different ethnic backgrounds. (http://ericae.net/edo/ED273539.htm) A suggestion made on how to incorporate more multicultural issues is that social studies education should build consensus on core civic values important to all Americans. These include the rule of law, representative and limited government, and civil liberties, including toleration of the respect of the rights of individuals and ethnic minority groups. Banks believes that educators who recognize and respect their students' ethnic identities should also prepare them to assume common obligations and responsibilities of citizenship which involve shared civic values embodied in basic documents of the American heritage. Although students and teachers may participate variously within different microcultures, they also come together within the American mainstream culture, especially the civic culture. (http://ericae.net/edo/ED273539.htm) James Banks has four basic levels to what he thinks will reform the curriculum. Level 1 is called the contribution approach. This is when the Heroes, heroines, holidays, foods, and discrete cultural elements are celebrated occasionally. (See the chart) This is the level I think most schools are at now. Level 2 is called the additive approach. This is where things are added to the curriculum without the structure changing. Level 3 is called the transformation approach. This approach says, the structure of the curriculum is changed to enable students to view concepts, issues, events, and themes from the perspectives of the diverse ethnic and cultural groups. (See the chart) Finally, the 4th level is called the action approach. This is when the students are encouraged to take action to help solve important personal, social, and civic problems. (See the chart) It would not be a hard thing to incorporate diversity issues into a physical education class. Every sport or dance or activity had to originate from somewhere. So what I would do is give each child a sport or activity to do a project on. Each child would get a different activity that came from a different place. The child would then teach the class about his or her activity and where it originated. This activity, I think, would best fit into Banks level three. The structure of the class would change and the students would learn things that are taught nowhere else in the school. References 1. The chart 2. http://ericae.net/edo/ED273539.htm Bibliography References 1. The chart 2. http://ericae.net/edo/ED273539.htm

William the Conqueror and The Harrying of the North

William the Conqueror and The Harrying of the North The Harrying of the North was a campaign of brutal violence carried out in the north of England by King William I of England, in an attempt to stamp his authority on the region. He had recently conquered the country, but the north had always had an independent streak and he wasnt the first monarch to have to quell it; he was, however, to be famed as one of the most brutal. A question remains though: was it as brutal as legend has it, and can documents reveal the truth? The Problem of the North In 1066, William the Conqueror seized the crown of England thanks to victory at the Battle of Hastings and a brief campaign which led to the public submission of the country. He consolidated his hold in a series of campaigns which were effective in the south. However, north England had always been a wilder, less centralized place – earls Morcar and Edwin, who fought in the 1066 campaigns on the Anglo-Saxon side, had one eye on northern autonomy. William’s initial attempts to establish his authority there, which included three journeys around with an army, castles built and garrisons left, had been undone by multiple rebellions- from English earls to lower ranks- and Danish invasions. The Harrying of the North William concluded that harsher measures were needed, and in 1069 he marched up again with an army. This time he engaged in a protracted campaign euphemistically known now as the Harrying of the North. In practice, this involved sending troops out to kill people, burn buildings and crops, smash tools, seize wealth and devastate large areas. Refugees fled north and south, from the killing and the resultant famine. More castles were built. The idea behind the slaughter was to show conclusively that William was in charge, and that there was no one else who could come and aid anyone thinking of rebelling. It was around the same time that William stopped trying to integrate his followers into the existing Anglo-Saxon power structure, and decided on a full-scale replacement of the old ruling class with a new, loyal, one, another act which he would be infamous for in the modern age. The level of damage is very heavily disputed. One chronicle states there were no villages left between York and Durham, and it’s possible large areas were left uninhabited. The Domesday Book, created in the mid-1080s, may still show traces of the damage in the large areas of ‘waste’ in the region. However, there are modern, competing theories which argue that, given just three months during winter, William’s forces could not have caused as much carnage as they’re normally accused, and might instead have been probing for known rebels in secluded places, and the result was more a rapier thrust than a smashing of any and everyone. William was criticized for his methods of controlling England, particularly by the Pope, and the Harrying of the North might have been the event these complaints were chiefly about. It’s worth noting that William was both a man capable of this cruelty, but also concerned about his judgment in the afterlife, which led him to richly endow the church because of events like the Harrying. Ultimately, we will never know how much damage was caused and how you read William was other events becomes important. Orderic Vitalis Perhaps the most famous account of the Harrying comes from Orderic Vitalis, who began: â€Å"Nowhere else had William shown such cruelty. Shamefully he succumbed to this vice, for he made no effort to restrain his fury and punished the innocent and the guilty. In his anger he commanded that all crops and herds, chattels and food of every kind should be bought together and burned to aches with consuming fire, so that the whole region north of the Humber might be stripped of all means of sustenance. In consequence so serious a scarcity was felt in England, and so terrible a famine fell upon the humble and defenceless populace, that more than 100,000 Christian folk of both sexes, young and old alike, perished of hunger.† - Huscroft, The Norman Conquest, p. 144. The death toll cited is exaggerated. He went on to say: â€Å"My narrative has frequently had occasions to praise William, but for this act which condemned the innocent and guilty alike to die by slow starvation I cannot commend him. For when I think of helpless children, young men in their prime of life, and hoary grey beards perishing alike of hunger, I am so moved to pity that I would rather lament the griefs and sufferings of the wretched people than make a vain attempt to flatter the perpetrator of such infamy.† Bates, William the Conqueror, p. 128.

Managing 'Fifteen' Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Managing 'Fifteen' - Essay Example Seeking to intentionally form one is, therefore, an important part of leading an organisation (Ansoff 1965). It is also important to plan it carefully as implementing a business culture in a haphazard manner can have a detrimental effect on the long term practicability of the business venture (Prasad 2012). Corporate culture defines the joint behaviours or conduct of a company, their feelings regarding all the divisions of the company, like consumers, colleagues, and shareholders, and the general values the co-workers all practice on a regular basis (Morgan 1997). Decisiveness, empowerment, and team work are some of the qualities that show the presence of strong working culture in businesses (Perrow 1986). The culture actually grows to be the true motivator for outstanding performances, and generates a competitive advantage that other corporations will find it quite difficult to imitate (Stoner & Freemen 1995). The Essential Nature of Managerial Work, and the Role of Leader Managemen t is a common quality in that it is a familiar component in all businesses. Managers carry out more or less identical operations regardless of their standing or the type of business in question (Luthans 2006). Management aims at realising corporate objectives and purposes (Maslow 1954). Management basically involves overseeing people who are arranged in work groups. It also incorporates retaining, motivating, and developing employees in their workplaces, and assisting them to realise satisfaction in their capacities as employees (Robbins 2002). All such interpersonal associations make the ‘management’ functions a social development. Leaders in the present world have to play numerous roles while seeking to advocate for only one key vision (Allen 1958). All the stakeholders of a business, from its workers to its consumers, look to the leader to speak of where he or she sees the future of the company as being, and then give details about how this dream can be implemented ( Weihrich & Kootz 1990). One of the most important aspects of leadership is providing inspiring leadership that is not based on following the rivals, who may have a bigger reputation (Ivancevish & Matleson 2007). The Different Roles Played By Jamie Oliver as A Manager in ‘Fifteen’ Using Mintzberg’s Classification Henry Mintzberg defined particular managerial functions that were a common theme in most businesses (Hersey & Blanchard 1988). He felt that a manager should be able to appreciate all of his or her functions, as well as how to execute them efficiently (Mintzberg 1992). Jamie Oliver shows in ‘Fifteen’ the different traits that were proposed by Mintzberg in his model. Figure head:Â  Jamie Oliver invested a considerable amount of capital in the creation of the restaurant called ‘Fifteen’. He was already a recognised chef and so he had a lot of goodwill, which would auger well for his new business enterprise. Leader: As a leader, Jam ie inspired his employees and inspired them to develop their different talents. He not only motivated the students, but sought to speak to them about their personal problems. He visited the homes of students and also evaluated their level of commitment by giving them tough tests. Liaison: Jamie Oliver was strongly involved in his community in various aspects. He was a well known campaigner for better

Positioning and social responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Positioning and social responsibility - Essay Example Moreover, the strategic decisions may be aimed towards the customers of the business organization or the employees of the organizations. Strategic decisions aimed at the employees of the organization attempt to improve the productivity of the employees and hence lead to an increase in quantity or quality of the products produced. However, most of the strategic decisions that are aimed at the customers are usually aimed at increasing the sales of the products of the company, which the customer makes. Several strategies may be employed to help increase the sales by the customers. In addition, the company may undertake measures aimed at improving its image, which will therefore lead to improved sales and customer loyalty to the company. The company may base improved image of the company on the quality of the products, which they offer, a wide range of products or corporate social responsibility of the company. One of the strategic planning decisions, which business organizations make, i s the positioning strategy of the company. Positioning strategy Positioning strategy is a strategy that different companies make to improve their perception. Thus, it can be said to be a psychological approach to marketing. Positioning strategy is mainly aimed at making the customers prefer the products of a certain company as opposed to those from its main competitors (Hiam, 2009, p. 36). The positioning strategies of the company may be directed either towards the customer or towards the competitor. However, brand-positioning strategies can generally be classified into the following categories: Using product characteristics or customer benefits Price- quality approach Use or application of the product Product-user strategies Products class strategies Cultural symbol of the product Strategies aimed at competitor (Batra, p. 205) Using product characteristics or customer benefits This is the most used positioning strategy; it links a certain product with a certain characteristic, whic h is generally of great importance to the customer. The company may stress the durability, safety, or reliability of its products. However, a company may also use two or more different characteristics to build the brand image of the product. Companies that use two or more product characteristics to build the image of the brand risk confusing the image of the brand, which affects the customers’ perception of the brand (Batra, p. 208). Yo sushi helps in attracting customers to its restaurants using the claim that its food is fresh (company website – Yo! Sushi). Emphasis on the quality of food that is served in the restaurants portrays the image that the food is of higher quality and safe to the customers who may it. In addition, Yo sushi emphasizes on the speed in which the restaurant is able to serve its customers. The restaurant serves the food from conveyor belt. Yo sushi claims that its food is fast, fun and fresh (company website – Yo! Sushi). Due to the fact that a belt would definitely move at a fast speed the company in effect portrays to its customers that its services are very fast and hence the customers would not waste time waiting for the food to be served. This therefore helps in attracti

Theory without practice is fantasy but practice without theory is Research Paper

Theory without practice is fantasy but practice without theory is blind. Internships in organizations - Research Paper Example This could be the reason that students in universities and colleges are usually encouraged to apply for internships in organizations dealing with their various courses of study during school breaks over the vacation periods. Indeed, many students find it difficult to relate what they study in school and what they have to do in the real world of corporates. On the one hand, there are academicians who study trends and historical data to come up with solutions to problems in the real world, which can be adopted and used in practice. On the other hand are business executives and their workers who usually criticize academicians for coming up with solutions that are either too ideal, complex or which have too many assumptions to be applied in real businesses (March, 1994). This group approaches problem-solving through past experiences or by applying what is appropriate with the prevailing economic, political an social conditions. However, the reality of the matter is that none can exist wi thout the other, as summarized by Professor Vincent Ostrom in the above phrase. One important aspect that organizations’ managers usually deal with is decision-making. Many companies usually operate with the sole reason of making profits. This can only be possible by maximizing revenue while keeping costs down. The management of companies is usually tasked with the duty of making decisions that will lead to the above. However, decision-making is a very complex activity that requires more than just the basic knowledge of how the economic conditions prevail (Scott and Davis, 2007). In addition, wrong decision-making could deal a severe blow to a company which would take years to undo, failure of which the said company would go under. In this sense, decision-making requires the use of theories set out by people who have studied the process in order to be effective. Decision-making is further complicated by the fact that human beings are not always rational; hence they are prone to make decisions that are subjective rather than objective. One theory put forward to try to explain the decision making process is one called ‘Bounded Rationality’ put forward by Nobel Price winner, Herbert A. Simon in his paper Administrative Behavior which he wrote in 1947. In this theory, Simon points out that there are several reasons as to why it may not be easy for executives to make the most rational decision. One reason is due to the uncertainty of the future. Every decision made has a consequence which might be beneficial or harmful to an organization. Some of these consequences can be anticipated, but many more cannot be known at the time of the decision-making. Therefore, managers make what they perceive to be the best decision with the information they have at hand at the period, taking into consideration known risks (Herbert, 1947). Relating to this is the fact that decision makers cannot fully evaluate the worth of their decisions in the future, but only in the present. The third impediment to rational decision making is that decision makers need to be aware of all alternatives to the decision they are about to make (March and Herbert, 1958). This is not always available, making it difficult to choose the most optimal decision. With such theoretical knowledge, decision makers are in a better position to understand the decision-making process, hence be in a better position to defend their actions. Another illustration of Professor Vincent Ostrom’s phrase is applicable in the normal operations of a company. Companies usually spend large sums of money to train their employees and managers to

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations

Freuds Theory of Unconscious in Inter Group Relations Freud’s contributions to inter group relations Freud’s theories on unconsciousness provided an important perspective that was relevant to the study of inter group relations. Freud believed that groups were composed of the unconscious life of each member. He thought a group couldn’t be understood without exploring the unconscious aspects of the individual member. He also was of the opinion that the individual couldn’t be separated from the group. In order to understand the mind, Freud believed that attention had to be paid to how the mind of an individual interacts with others (Caper 1999). The basis of Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is that all behaviour is both instinctual and biological. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory is composed of the ego which works to find a balance between the id and the superego. The superego would be classified as the demands our society places on the individual for acceptable behaviour, and the id comprises instincts, such as sex and aggression (Schultz Schultz 2005). T his aspect of Freud’s theory plays an important role in inter group relations. It addresses the unconscious nature of each person in a group environment, as well as the unconscious nature of the entire group (Wrogemann 2003). Unconscious influences at work in inter group relations are experienced in different ways. One example is when a group is experiencing a failure and in order to protect their ego they engage in defence mechanisms by blaming other groups for their failure. They look outside of themselves for excuses as to why their effort failed, instead of realizing as Freud did, that the anxiety each member experienced was cause by low self-esteem and insecurities (Bodenhausen, Mussweiler, Gabriel, Moreno 2001; Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of the unconscious and ego protection sheds light on how to improve inter group relations and increase success. If a group stopped deflecting from their own shortcomings by looking outside of their own organization they could more effectively correct their problems. If they would attempt to find the roots of their own behaviour they could get to the source of their failure. They would find it didn’t come from an outside group, but from within the mselves (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theories, in part, are the basis for Terror Management Theory (TMT), which deals with managing thoughts of death and is important to inter group relations (Navarette, Kirkpatrick, Kurzban Fessler 2004). Looking inwardly is a concept that originated with Freud. McCormick and White (2000) reported that this self-analyzing method was an important aspect of psychoanalytic theory. Other scientists picked up on it and applied it to the study of groups (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Cilliers and Koortzen (1998) report that Freud’s theories of psychodynamics contributed to the concept that groups have a life of their own. Not only does a group have a collective consciousness, it also is composed of the collective unconscious nuances of each individual (as cited in Wrogemann 2003). Each member of a group brings to it their own unconscious desires and unmet needs. Their inner conflicts and tensions are played out in the group setting, such as at work. In the work environment, as each person unconsciously attempts to solve their issues, they are met with frustration and disappointment. The work environment cannot meet those needs leading the individual to become aggressive and exhibit ot her negative behaviours. The end result is that of strained relationships with others. As with other groups experiencing failure, workers have a tendency to blame their frustrations on someone else. They blame others for their lack of success or their disappointment while at the same time attempting to find security in those very relationships (Wrogemann 2003). Freud’s theory of regression was important to understanding inter group relations. Freud believed that depersonalization took place in the group causing a shift in inter group relations. The shift occurred when the individual member of a group loses his individuality and those unique qualities that set him apart from others. The process is an unconscious one where the group member takes on the role of child and the leader that of the parent. The result is a type of dependence on the leader that leads to thoughts that the group is not composed of individuals (Freud 1921). The lines become blurred. Bion (1961) had a more positive outlook on the dynamics of inter group relations. He claimed that when individuals came together in a group that they surrender their individuality to the leader and group in order to experience wholeness, oneness, and security. In order for the group to continue to exist it takes on something bigger that is outside of themselves. Freud’s contributions to the study of inter group relations was significant. By focusing on the unconscious he brought attention to the elements of group dynamics that involved unmet needs, unfulfilled desires, and other drives that are hidden, yet influencing factors in group interaction. His theory of the id, ego, and superego help to explain what happens in the mind of the individual and then collectively when part of a group. On his views regarding the importance of the individual in the context of a group, Freud wrote: only rarely and under certain exceptional conditions is individual  psychology in a position to disregard the relations of this individual  to others. In the individuals mental life someone else is invariably  involved, as a model, as an object, as a helper or as an opponent†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (quoted in Caper 1999, pg. 1). Some of Freud’s theories have not been supported by subsequent testing by others, but a number of them have been shown to be valid. Freud’s theories on the unconscious and its relation to a person’s behaviour, thoughts, and emotions were accurate. Research that was conducted long after the Freud era ended demonstrated that his theory on the role of the unconscious was more extensive than anyone thought possible. Freud had no idea just how far-reaching his theory on the unconscious was (Schultz Schultz 2005). Research into inter group relations is based partly on the contributions of Sigmund Freud and the benefits derived are substantial. References Bion, W. 1961, Experience in Groups. New York, Basic Books. Bodenhausen, G., Mussweiler, T., Gabriel, S. Moreno, K. 2001, Affective Influences  On Stereotyping and Intergroup Relations. In Handbook of Affect and Social   Cognition, ed. J.P. Forgas, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Mahwah, NJ,  pp. 319-338. Caper, R. 1999, ‘Group Psychology and the Psychoanalytic Group’, [Online],  International Psychoanalytic Organization, pg. 1. Available from:  http://eseries.ipa.org.uk/prev/CIRC/Caper-m1.htm> [3 January 2006]. Freud, S. 1921, ‘Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego’, London,  International Psychological Press. Navarette, C. , Kirkpatrick, L., Kurzban, R. Fessler, D. 2004, Group Processes and   Intergroup Relations, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 370-397. Schultz, D. Schultz, S. 2004, A History of Modern Psychology (8th ed.). Belmont,  CA, Thompson/Wadsworth. Wrogemann, G. 2003, ‘Intergroup Relations in Organisations’, 6th Annual Conference of   The Society for Industrial and Organisational Psychology, Available from:  http://www.siopsa.org.za, [3 January 2006].

Positive Effects of Television Upon Children Essay -- Positive Effects

Positive Effects of Television Upon Children   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Without a doubt, television is the central and principal form of communication in many people’s lives. This form is most often exposed to a child who instantly becomes accustomed to its presence. Children are televisions largest audience, as Morris shows, â€Å"Children aged two to five look at the TV tube on an average of 28.4 hours a week; those between the ages of six and eleven average 23.6 hours a week†. Television has played an important role in many children’s lives and its viewing has been a favorite activity for many of them. The effects of television on children have been disputed. Some people have said that viewing time has a negative impact on children. Other people, however, feel that the early educational television productions for children help tehm learn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These important questions on the topic of children’s television viewing in its early beginnings continue to be debated in society. The creation of children’s television shows in the 1940s and 1950s offered children pure entertainment and very little smart education. According to Palmer, â€Å"there were a few shows that did teach children values and morals, but the true educational television shows for children did not appear until the late 1960s(28). Not only educational shows, but public television shows, dialogue, help in increasing a child’s vocabulary and in improving he/she speaking skills. Therefore, parents should encourage their children to watch more public television today because public television helps children to read.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Television supports reading, which in turn to improves language ability. Good programming improves reading and can increase thinking. The Himmelweit confirms, â€Å"Television in the long run encourages children to read books; a conclusion that can be reinforced by evidence from libraries, book clubs, and publishing companies† (Postman 33). Dr. Hemmelweit stresses this point; â€Å"Book reading comes into its own, not despite television but because of it†(33). Television has as both an entertainer and an educator for children. Neil Postman supports television for its valuable contribution to language development in children, saying, â€Å"Long before they have learned to read, or for that matter, even begun to master their language, children may accumulate, through television, a fund of knowledge that was simply inaccessib... ...ducational television programs finally came about. These shows succeeded in intellectually educating children while also entertaining them. They have positive affects on children of all races and social status. Those who viewed it gained more knowledge over those who did not. They offered educational and beneficial programming that helps in improving a child’s vocabulary and by encouraging their reading. These programs also taught children moral values. Because public television teaches children the basic knowledge and the valuable facts of life, parents should encourage their children to watch more public television. Works Cited Lesser, Gerald S. Children and Television. New York: Random House, 1974. Lystad, Mary. â€Å"20 Years on Sesame Street.† Children Today. 1989: 20-22 Moody, Kate. Growing up on Television. New York: Times Books, 1980. Morris, Norman S. Televisions Child. Boston: Little Brown, 1971. Palmer, Edward L. Children in the Cradle of Television. United States of America: D.C. Health, 1987. Postman, Neil. Television and the Teaching of English. New York: Appleton-Centery-Crofts, 1961. Schneider, Cy. Children’s Television. Chicago: NTC Business Books, 1987.

The Global South Water Crisis Analysis Environmental Sciences Essay

Water is humankind ‘s most basic necessity. Approximately one in eight people are without entree to clean, safe imbibing H2O ( JMP 2008:56 ) . The H2O crisis of the planetary South — Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu in peculiar — is a complex, locally defined and combative issue ; debates about whether H2O is a public human right or a in private owned consumer trade good are taking precedence in development discourse on the international phase. Built-in to this issue is a historic power relationship between the West — Europe, Canada and the US — and these aforementioned planetary South states in which the former has tended to profit at the latter ‘s disbursal. Yet the inquiry of bureau still remains: who has non merely the power, but the willingness to ordain alteration? Many Canadians have a minimum consciousness of the perpetuating H2O crisis, yet it is a common misconception that a solution lies non in the custodies of single agents, but national leaders. Until late, I held similar beliefs. While analyzing the quality of assorted H2O beginnings with a local concern, I realized that much of our society is to the full reliant on bottled H2O and that, most significantly, the sum of money spent on the added convenience could be used to assist extenuate the annihilating effects of this H2O deficit. First, this paper examines the current conditions of the crisis by detecting Nigeria, India and China. To be clear, H2O â€Å" crisis † refers to a deficiency of handiness, an inadequate or non-existent public supply web, and taint, all lending to a deficit of safe imbibing H2O. Furthermore, after analysing the ignored potency for Western multinational corporations ( TNCs ) to relieve the state of affairs in Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu, and so rese arching the extent of H2O ingestion in the West, it becomes apparent that there is an chance for Canadians to lend to a solution. Before foregrounding this single bureau, it is necessary to get down by depicting some of the current conditions inherent to the H2O crisis. Although conditions vary and each instance in itself can non supply a entire representation, the illustration of Lagos, Nigeria demonstrates colonial and political hindrances ; Imphal, India reveals the troubles of supply and intervention ; and China provides penetration into the effects of pollution. First, the metropolis of Lagos — although the largest in sub-Saharan Africa — is plagued by a low quality of life and an unequal supply of H2O services despite economic growing ( Gandy 2006:371-72 ) . Sections of the deteriorating substructure, such as the absence of a working public sewage web, are chief subscribers to this issue of H2O handiness ( ibid:372 ) . Although non the lone cause, it can be traced in portion to a colonial history. As a prevailing trade Centre in West Africa, European presence left a permanent impact vis-a-vis a contrast in life criterions between colonial elites and the African bulk in Lagos who were non even considered portion of â€Å" the populace † ( ibid:375, 377 ) . British decision makers neglected the malignant urban conditions by concentrating on bettering affluent countries alternatively, proposing that these issues resulted from public upset instead than a deficiency of accountable policy enterprises ( ibid:375-76 ) . Such in equality was heightened in 1949 when colonial leaders responded to increased H2O deficits with limitations on the African population, forestalling them from rinsing and other everyday activities ( ibid:377 ) . Finally, merely 10 per centum of homes were left with direct entree to the municipal H2O system ( ibid:378 ) . Most devastating of all were the power structures set in topographic point by colonial swayers, which over clip have come to bring forth the bequest of a weak African province ( Gandy 2006:372 ) . With a high degree of national debt, local capacity to change by reversal the paralyzing effects of the H2O deficit are limited ( Biswas 2005:234 ) . Despite being the top industrial Centre of Nigeria after independency, the crisis was so permeant that it forced local industries to pass 20 per centum of their capital on buying their ain H2O ( Gandy 2006:381 ) . A current bastard and independent authorities unable to react to the demand for investing, coupled with disabling economic and cultural hindrances inherited from a dark colonial yesteryear, has been one of many subscribers supplying the evidences for the H2O crisis to go a powerful force. The fact that reconstituting this post-colonial system in locations like Lagos has non succeeded, unluckily, is partially due to an academic discou rse which lacks critical penetration into the nature of current conditions in Africa and beyond ( ibid:372 ) . Second, the state of affairs in Imphal, India provides an first-class presentation of jobs associated with H2O supply and intervention. Although moderate-sized metropoliss like Imphal are frequently ignored in current literature on the crisis, the atrociousnesss are merely as important ( Anthony 2007:224 ) . Harmonizing to the World Bank, scarce supplies and unjust monetary values have remained unchanged over the past three decennaries ( ibid ) . Of the legion substructure jobs confronting developing states, a deficiency of safe imbibing H2O is the hardest to decide ( ibid:223 ) . In a study conducted in Imphal, 50 per centum of families â€Å" spent more than a fifth of their income on H2O † ( ibid:229 ) . As supported by the aforesaid instance of Lagos, elites frequently have personal inducement in keep backing such a necessity ( ibid:224 ) . To supply a little cross-section of the fortunes, the beginnings, quality and handiness of H2O in Imphal will be considered. Refering the assorted beginnings of H2O that locals rely on where the public web is deficient, those with private connexions merely have entree for no more than three hours each twenty-four hours with unequal commissariats for storage, and those trusting on private or neighbourhood pools face dry seasons that greatly affect their supply ( Anthony 2007:228 ) . Water intervention workss lack the equipment to efficaciously supervise the quality of H2O, and since storage armored combat vehicles are non protected, taint is a major reverse ( ibid:234 ) . Both pool and piped H2O beginnings — although piped H2O is â€Å" treated † ab initio — normally have to be filtered by families to guarantee imbibing quality ( ibid:230 ) . The handiness of H2O, particularly refering the piped H2O system, is dependent on the location and income of families, although merely half of those designed to have entree do ( ibid ) . Third, to supply another illustration, China represents the dangers of pollution. Seventy per centum of river H2O in China is undrinkable as a consequence of taint from industrial waste, sewerage and agricultural chemicals ( Wu 2006:35 ) . The longest river in China, the Yangtze, is merely 28 per centum beverage, cutting through the most thickly settled countries and transporting waste H2O along with it ( ibid ) . At the present rate, harmonizing to Robin Clarke of World Climate News, an tremendous impact will be felt in the signifier of both nutrient deficits and a damaged universe ecology ( Coles 2005:14 ) . With astonishing effects, there is no denying the extent of the job ; nevertheless, the existent issue that needs to be addressed is the demand for a solution — investing. Now that some of the H2O crisis ‘ conditions have been identified, it is important to discourse the combative procedure of declaration. Although there are many prospective responses, including revamping dysfunctional political and economic constructions, one of the most common is that of investing. To do sense of the manner in which development organisations and Western histrions have participated, the influence of TNCs will be discussed, followed by specific surveies from Buenos Aires, Jakarta and Cebu. First, one must understand the connexion between the discourse on H2O denationalization in the alleged development universe and the function of TNCs. In 1992, the Dublin Conference on Water and Environment provoked a monumental alteration in the definition of H2O, labelling it foremost and foremost an economic good, while keeping that it was a human right ( Robbins 2003:1076-77 ) . With many developing provinces being unable to supply the substructure necessary for providing equal H2O and disregarding its economic value, the international development community deemed their actions both a failure and the cause of the crisis, governing that the World Bank, every bit good as other development bureaus, would alternatively go responsible for pull offing H2O as a private trade good ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . Their primary agents, so, would be TNCs. Harmonizing to both the World Bank and former UN Commission on Trade and Development ( UNCTAD ) Secretary General Kenneth Dadzie, H2O must be suppli ed by agencies of denationalization, non the populace sector ( ibid:1077 ) . To keep an indifferent position, there are two sides to this argument to see. Those recommending for the private direction of H2O resources adopt the neoclassical economic attack by reasoning that shooting foreign direct investing into these â€Å" struggling † economic systems will supply additions for both participants ; in their eyes, mobilising the private sector is the lone solution to guaranting that public demands are met ( Robbins 2003:1074-75 ) . In contrast, local communities criticize TNCs for non merely being profit-seeking, implementing services to the disadvantage of the hapless, but besides for commanding denationalization as an oligopoly of a few corporations ( ibid:1074, 1076 ) . The issue that H2O is a human right that should be without cost besides comes into inquiry ( Anthony 2007:225 ) . Nevertheless, in utilizing Foucault ‘s construct of power, it is incontestable that TNCs use their planetary prominence to sell the apparently opposing thoughts of d evelopment and sustainability as one and the same ( Robbins 2003:1076 ) . Now that the phase has been set in supplying the background for this denationalization discourse, detecting a few instance surveies will be helpful in measuring the effectivity and influence of TNCs in the procedure of deciding the H2O crisis. With a important diminution in foreign assistance since the 1980s, TNCs are now considered the armory of development agents, foreign domestic investing being the quintessential ingredient for economic stimulation ( Fisher and Urich 2001:7-8 ) . Harmonizing to Anthony ( 2007:224 ) , the denationalization of H2O takes two different signifiers: either a complete coup d'etat by private companies, or a private-public cooperation. The undermentioned instances will uncover both the pros and cons of these options. First, the illustration of Buenos Aires describes the work of Suez, a TNC among the first one 100 of the Fortune Global 500 ( Robbins 2003:1075 ) . After doing a contract with local private H2O company Aguas Argentinas, Suez created a figure of policies refering the supply of H2O ( ibid:1078 ) . Ignoring occupants busying ownerless land, the company expanded H2O connexions by bear downing clients six hundred dollars and metering their use, coercing the hapless to pay more and doing connexions unaffordable ( ibid ) . Although Suez promoted their concern as â€Å" pro hapless † by widening entree to four destitute countries antecedently unconnected, â€Å" bettering † the life conditions, their successful â€Å" mean 19 per centum rate of return † during the first five old ages ended in 2002 with economic prostration ( ibid ) . Despite initial advancement being made, Suez counted the venture as a $ 200 million failure, finally showing their profit-oriented mentalit y ( ibid ) . Second, Suez ‘s work can besides be traced to a contract made with the Jakarta H2O service in 1997 ( Robbins 2003:1079 ) . They established 31 per centum more H2O connexions than had existed antecedently in a metropolis with half of its population life in the slums, yet those who benefited the most from this enlargement were from â€Å" really modest countries † ( ibid ) . It is of import to observe that although some perceive policies that are advantageous to the wealthy as negative, one must follow a wide position by every bit sing how both the hapless and rich are affected. However, despite new connexions being established, it did non intend that more hapless dwellers received running H2O ; on the contrary, most of them still relied on street sellers, with 70 per centum still without entree ( ibid ) . Local reaction to the Suez intercession came in the signifier of environmental and student protests, kicking about increased monetary values and a 48 per centum H2O esca pe ( ibid ) . An applied scientist from the public system claimed that the company â€Å" robbed everything [ they ] had, † and critics of denationalization emphasized Suez ‘s inefficiency every bit good as their deficiency of desire to convey betterment to the full system ( ibid ) . Third, in 1995 in Cebu, the Alliance — another TNC — proposed the Bohol-Cebu Water Supply Project aimed at both supplying H2O for under-supplied Cebu and well-needed gross for Bohol ( Fisher and Urich 2001:9-10 ) . Hazards were high — of the major concerns were happening a significant H2O beginning to pull from, covering with deposit and human waste saturating the H2O tabular array, and shrieking within a seismically active zone ( ibid:10 ) . Despite these factors, the Alliance promoted the â€Å" great investing † while disregarding intervention criterions and puting the authorities responsible for temblor hazards ( ibid ) . Sing themselves as â€Å" experts † in understanding the positive results, the company neglected the rights of stakeholders — including involvement groups — and the local populace to cognize how the undertaking would impact them, avoided their input and failed to utilize linguistic communication that would be unde rstood by all, finally bring forthing a deep misgiving ( ibid:11-12 ) . As a consequence, analysts declared that although TNCs have a immense function to play, economic involvements will ever endanger to acquire in the manner of environmental and societal demands ( ibid:17 ) . Whether one considers accomplishments or focuses on local resistance to denationalization, it has by and large resulted in more failures than success ( Anthony 2007:226 ) . The extent of the job was summarized in 2003 when Suez announced that they were retreating investing from â€Å" poorer † states and discontinuing to supply it in the hereafter due to high instability and a deficiency of short term returns ( Robbins 2003:1080 ) . Planing to recover the losingss accumulated as a consequence of these â€Å" Third World failures, † they declared a displacement in investing towards the â€Å" soundest † markets of the West — including Europe and North America — unless the IMF and World Bank could minimise hazards ( ibid ) . But it was non Suez entirely that adopted this stance ; most H2O companies held similar concerns about low rates of return in states of the â€Å" Third World, † being unable to trust on the hapless to supply gross ( ibid:1 080-81 ) . Although this is debatable for establishments like the World Bank who guarantee that the denationalization of H2O is the lone solution, TNCs are expressed about where their motivations lie: no net income means no investing ( ibid:1081 ) . European and North American TNCs have helped determine this procedure of relief, yet after neglecting to perpetrate to doing a permanent impact, the inquiry of where this investing will come from becomes pertinent. Although there are ever other options to see, one such solution Centres on the single bureau of Canadians. To analyse this, it is of import to first observe the extent of H2O ingestion in Canada and the West, followed by how persons can proactively react to the H2O crisis. With UN Millennium Development Goals taking to cut the unavailability of H2O by 50 per centum by 2015, any benefits from TNC denationalization — to whatever extent they provide them — are non plenty to replace the demand for assistance ( Cain and Gleick 2005:79 ; Peter and Urich 2001:17 ) . For those keeping authoritiess responsible, states have contributed a meagre 0.4 per centum of their gross national income to development aid on norm ( Cain and Gleick 2005:80 ) . Harmonizing to Cain and Gleick ( ibid:81 ) , consumers spend about $ 100 billion each twelvemonth on bottled H2O for gustatory sensation and convenience — probably less than the cost needed to supply H2O services — when tap H2O is 100s of times cheaper every bit good as normally safe for imbibing. Bringing these facts together, Canadian persons have the possible to take portion in planetary development, giving the â€Å" convenience † of the bottled trade good and lending the ensuing nest eggs to assist relieve the H2O crisis by run intoing the demand for assistance. Some undertakings such as LifeStraw fund the usage of instant microbiological purifiers to supply efficient H2O intervention for contaminated beginnings ( Vestergaard Frandsen 2011 ) . Others, The Water Project in peculiar, construct Wellss that supply safe imbibing H2O ; ten dollars gives H2O to one individual for 10 old ages ( The Water Project 2010 ) . Either manner, chances exist to change over Western ingestion into significant solutions. The H2O crisis is clearly non simplistic, easy to understand, or discernible on a individual degree, but instead, it plays out in many ways, with conditions changing depending on states ‘ political, cultural and economic characteristics. What can be analyzed is the extent to which Western TNCs have attempted to relieve these atrociousnesss by concentrating on investing through H2O denationalization ; unluckily, although non universally, most have chosen economic net incomes in leu of supplying basic human demands. There is a hope, so, that Canadian persons can enlist themselves as agents of alteration, giving some of their ain stuff amenitiess. By lending these nest eggs as a signifier of assistance, Canadians can rethink the manner they take for granted the luxuries of running H2O. As in most instances in development surveies, the first measure is to understand the many-sided nature of a argument. One can recognize that there will ever be differing positions based on the facts , with no right reply or perfect solution. Of greater importance, nevertheless, is that when persons learn to follow this critical oculus, they can no longer claim that Western â€Å" expertness † and methodological analysis is superior. Furthermore, disclosure demands application — conveying consciousness to non merely a freshly discovered duty as agents to run into these cosmopolitan demands, but a duty as members of a planetary community.

Free Essays on William James

William James William James was born in New York City on January 11, 1842. His father was a rich man who spent his time entertaining the intellectuals of the time and discussing the religious mysticism of Swedenborg. This wonderful atmosphere for a bright young boy was thanks to his grandfather, an Irish immigrant with a knack for real estate investment! William was soon joined by a younger brother, Henry, who would grow up to be one of America’s premier novelists. All the James children were sent to European boarding schools and traveled through all the great capitals. At 19, after a stint as an art student, James enrolled at Harvard in chemistry, which he soon changed to medicine. He was not really interested in a career in medicine, but wanted to study the science that went with it. In 1865, he took advantage of a marvelous opportunity to travel the Amazon River basin with the great biologist Louis Agassiz, to collect samples of new species. While there, he began to suffer from a variety of health problems. In 1867, he went to study physiology in Germany, under Helmholtz and others. He befriended several notable early German psychologists, including Carl Stumpf. On the other hand, he had little respect for Herbert Spencer, Wilhelm Wundt, G. E. MÃ ¼ller, and others. In Germany, he began to suffer from serious depression, accompanied by thoughts of suicide. In addition, he had serious back pain, insomnia, and dyspepsia. In 1869, he came back to the US to finish up his MD degree, but continued to be plagued by depression. He had been reading a book by a French philosopher named Renouvier, which convinced him of the power of free will. He decided to apply this idea to his own problems, and seemed to improve. From 1871 through 1872, James was a part of "the Metaphysical Club," a group of Harvard grads who met in Boston to discuss the issues of the day. Included in the club were the philosopher Charles Peirce, Oliv... Free Essays on William James Free Essays on William James William James William James was born in New York City on January 11, 1842. His father was a rich man who spent his time entertaining the intellectuals of the time and discussing the religious mysticism of Swedenborg. This wonderful atmosphere for a bright young boy was thanks to his grandfather, an Irish immigrant with a knack for real estate investment! William was soon joined by a younger brother, Henry, who would grow up to be one of America’s premier novelists. All the James children were sent to European boarding schools and traveled through all the great capitals. At 19, after a stint as an art student, James enrolled at Harvard in chemistry, which he soon changed to medicine. He was not really interested in a career in medicine, but wanted to study the science that went with it. In 1865, he took advantage of a marvelous opportunity to travel the Amazon River basin with the great biologist Louis Agassiz, to collect samples of new species. While there, he began to suffer from a variety of health problems. In 1867, he went to study physiology in Germany, under Helmholtz and others. He befriended several notable early German psychologists, including Carl Stumpf. On the other hand, he had little respect for Herbert Spencer, Wilhelm Wundt, G. E. MÃ ¼ller, and others. In Germany, he began to suffer from serious depression, accompanied by thoughts of suicide. In addition, he had serious back pain, insomnia, and dyspepsia. In 1869, he came back to the US to finish up his MD degree, but continued to be plagued by depression. He had been reading a book by a French philosopher named Renouvier, which convinced him of the power of free will. He decided to apply this idea to his own problems, and seemed to improve. From 1871 through 1872, James was a part of "the Metaphysical Club," a group of Harvard grads who met in Boston to discuss the issues of the day. Included in the club were the philosopher Charles Peirce, Oliv...

A paper that make arguments against euthanasia and clerly defines euthanasia (best used in debate class for neg)

A paper that make arguments against euthanasia and clerly defines euthanasia (best used in debate class for neg) Historically those nations that have opened the door to the monster of euthanasia have slid into a nightmare of murder. This is precisely what happened in Nazi Germany. They began by killing the sick and old then they destroyed the mentally ill, mentally retarded, and infants born with deformities. From there, it was but a small step to begin exterminating undesirables the Jews, Poles, Gypsies, the nonproductive, political prisoners, homosexuals, and others. Euthanasia was the first small step down the road toward the Nazi extermination camps. Let's look at euthanasia from a more modern perspective. Suppose Diane is an 18-year-old high school senior who is deeply loved by her friends and family. One day, she fails to come home from school when expected.By six-thirty that evening, her mother starts to worry. When eight o'clock rolls around, her father calls the police, he is told there's been no report of an accident.Diane and AmeliaNone of the local hospitals have a patient named Dia ne. Her mother then begins making frantic telephone calls and finally reaches Diane's best friend, Rene. "Oh Mrs. Johnson" Rene says with compassion. She begins to cry. "I wanted so much to call you but I promised Diane I would let the clinic tell you." "Clinic" "what clinic" says Mrs. Johnson? "You know," says Rene. "The Life Choice Clinic downtown, I think you'd better call them. Diane's mother gets the clinic administrator on the line, who says, "I'm terribly sorry Mrs. Johnson, we were just getting ready to call you I know this will be hard for you please sit down. Diane came in this afternoon and asked to be assisted in her passing. You may know that she has been very depressed about her grades and because of the rejection letter she received from...

Competitive Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Competitive Analysis - Essay Example Macintosh products are hip, edgy, associated with quality, and innovative. Smartphones are defined against the IPhone and tablet computing against the IPad. Millions of consumers wait in anticipation for the next Mac release. But there are cracks in their armor. â€Å"The collective Apple community has been so intoxicated by the iPod, the success of the iTunes Store, MacBook sales, and excellent Mac OS X security that no one is reflecting on the areas where Apple is vulnerable. Perhaps it is unpleasant to think about, but neither do we want to live in a state of denial† (Martallero, 2006). Mac has traditionally had weaknesses in the arena of high performance computing. They are not associated with gaming computing in any way and they hold a small chunk of the personal computer market. They also don't any foothold in the corporate computer market. This is irrelevant to the Samsung Tab's success, of course. They also have weaknesses in the enterprise market. The music market is a very big weakness: Despite the IPod helping save the music industry from serious problems, they still have a goal, to sell music. Samsung could do what the Zune tried to and failed: Make a serious competitor to Macintosh in the music department by making strategic alliances. It is in the music industry's interest not to have to deal with a monopoly power in the field of MP3s, particularly the ITunes store. That having been said, this does mean competing for a share of a pie that piracy is always in danger of shrinking. The entertainment industry is similar: They want to sell electronic versions of their movies. If Samsung gets in on the ground floor in this regard, they will be successful. Dell's new tablet announcement that got leaked is also a serious threat (Cush, 2011). â€Å"The already available Dell Streak and Dell Streak 7 are listed, and according to the leaked "Tablet Roadmap," they will be joined in April by the Gallo Honeycomb tablet. The Opus One and Silver Oak Honey comb tablets will follow in early 2012, just in time for CES† (Cush, 2011). Dell has two major advantages. First: They are the big dogs in the field of personal computing. When it comes to building and selling PCs, laptops and notebooks, they are associated with great success. Millions of customers have a Dell PC with an Intel processor: The two are associated with reliability and value. Samsung, on the other hand, is mostly considered to be a maker of TVs, screens, other ancillary products. It seems likely that, faced with the choice between what looks like a Dell computer that just happens to be a tablet or Samsung's new experiment, many people will choose Dell out of sheer brand name recognition. Second: They hit the ground earlier. They launched already. Samsung is a bit late. But the real competition that Samsung has is the PC and other electronic products. The IPad is competing in the tablet market, which is a small market, against people who already are centered on home or laptop computing. If someone has a desktop computer, they are far less likely to think a tablet computer is a worthwhile investment, but might think it's interesting or want mobile computing. If they already have a laptop, the IPad's arguments for existence as a product become far slimmer indeed. Even some video game systems like the DS, PSP, PS3, Wii and XBox 360 are in a real way competition for the Tab. These systems have so many utilities in terms of playing movies, music and doing other